Lukoil

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Lukoil/LUKoil (RTS:LKOH / MICEX:LKOH / LSE: LKOD / FWB: LUK) Russian: Лукойл; English pronunciation: /ˈluːkɔɪl/) is Russia's second largest oil company and its second largest producer of oil.[1] In 2009, the company produced 97.615 million tons of oil; 1.972 million barrels per day.[2]
Headquartered in Moscow, Lukoil is the second largest public company (next to ExxonMobil) in terms of proven oil and gas reserves. In 2008, the company had 19.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent per SPE standards. This accounts to some 1.3% of global oil reserves. The company has operations in more than 40 countries around the world.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Exploration and production
2.1 Development of the Aral Sea
3 Lukoil oil production by region, million tonnes
4 Oil refining and petrochemical facilities
5 Proven reserves
6 Gasoline retail sales
7 Controversy
7.1 Environmental record
8 Management and major shareholders
9 Motorsports
10 References
11 External links
[edit]History



Lukoil headquarters in Moscow
Lukoil was formed in 1991, when three state-run, western Siberian companies, Langepasneftegaz, Urayneftegaz, and Kogalymneftegaz, merged. The initials of the three companies are preserved in the name Lukoil.[5] The central figure in the company's founding was the Soviet deputy minister of oil production Vagit Alekperov.[5] He came to believe the only way Russians could compete against Western companies was to copy their business model. That meant vertically integrating the three branches of the industry – exploration, refining, and distribution – that were strictly separate under the old Soviet system.[3]
In 1994, Lukoil became the first company to begin offering shares of stock on the new Russian Trading System.[5]
[edit]Exploration and production

Lukoil carries out exploration and/or production of oil and gas in Russia and (as of 2008) thirty other countries: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Colombia, Venezuela, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria and more.
In September 2004, ConocoPhillips purchased a 7.6 percent stake in Lukoil and signed an agreement that could increase this figure in the future to up to 20 percent.[6] The two oil companies have agreed to develop jointly an oil and gas field in the northern Timan-Pechora area of Russia (Komi Republic) and intend to secure the rights to develop the West Qurna Field in Iraq, one of the country's largest.[7][8]
[edit]Development of the Aral Sea
Ergash Shaismatov, the Deputy Prime Minister of Uzbekistan, announced on 30 August 2006 that the Uzbek government and an international consortium consisting of state-run Uzbekneftegaz, Lukoil Overseas, Petronas, Korea National Oil Corporation, and China National Petroleum Corporation signed a production sharing agreement to explore and develop oil and gas fields in the Aral Sea, saying, “The Aral Sea is largely unknown, but it holds a lot of promise in terms of finding oil and gas. There is risk of course but we believe in the success of this unique project." The consortium was created in September 2005.[9]
[edit]Lukoil oil production by region, million tonnes

Region 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009
Russia 82.720 86.277 89.561 91.100 91.868
Western Siberia 56.351 58.469 59.764 59.917 52.962
Urals 10.082 10.307 10.923 11.257 12.042
Volga 3.175 3.210 3.214 3.240 3.072
Timan-Pechora 11.732 12.476 13.601 14.576 21.662
Other 1.380 1.815 2.059 2.110 2.130
International 3.480 3.881 5.674 5.545 5.747
Total 86.200 90.158 95.235 96.645 97.615
Source:[10]
[edit]Oil refining and petrochemical facilities

Lukoil owns seven oil-processing companies in Eastern Europe with total capacity of 54,1 mln tpa and holds 49% share of ISAB refinery complex in Sicily:
Country Name Location Launched Acquired Capacity, mln tpa
Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Kstovo 1958 2000 15,0
Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez Perm 1958 1991 12,0
Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka Volgograd 1957 1991 9,9
Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka Ukhta 1934 2000 3,7
Lukoil-Odessky Neftepererabatyvayuschiy zavod Odessa 1937 1999 3,6
Lukoil Neftochim Burgas License to operate revoked, see footnote Burgas 1964 1999 7,5
Petrotel-Lukoil Ploieşti 1904 1998 2,4
ISAB Priolo Gargallo 1975 2008* 16,0*
TRN Vlissingen 1973 2009* 7,9*
* – 49% and 45% shares respectively
The Bulgarian Facility has had it's license to operate revoked as of July 2011 for failure to install Excise Metering Devices that connect directly to the Nation Revenue Agency, the plant is currently in the process of stopping production as of 29 July 2011. However on 1 August 2011 the Bulgarian court returned the license and the refinery is expected to begin work.
The company also owns several petrochemical plants in Budennovsk, Saratov and Kalush, all managed by "Lukoil-Neftechim".


A Lukoil station in Vails Gate, New York
[edit]Proven reserves

As of January 2009, the company had proven reserves of 14.5 billion barrels of oil and 29.3 trillion cubic feet of gas, per PRMS (previously called SPE) requirements.[4]
[edit]Gasoline retail sales

Lukoil sells gasoline in 59 regions of Russia and in 22 other countries (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium (through its subsidiary "Jet" until late 2008, and progressively directly under the Lukoil brand), Bulgaria, Croatia (operated by Lukoil Croatia, but under the brand name "Europa-Mil"), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Slovakia (Rebranded from "Jet" to "Lukoil"), Estonia, Finland (Teboil), Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland (Rebranded from "Jet" to "Lukoil" in August 2008), Romania, Serbia, Turkey, USA and Ukraine). As of the end of 2006, it has 197 tank farms and 6,090 gas stations.[11]
In 2000, Lukoil purchased Getty Oil, and converted a small number of Getty stations in the United States to Lukoil in 2003.
In 2004, Lukoil acquired Schlotzmeyer Bros., who formerly owned the Mobil stations in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Many of these stations had Circle K stores, which Lukoil converted to its own Kwik Farms brand. However, many Mobil franchisees in the area did not want to convert their stations to Lukoil because it sold its fuel at the same prices as more established brands.
In 2008, Lukoil purchased petroleum distribution company Akpet in Turkey. As a result of this acquisition, Lukoil market share in Turkish retail market increased to 5% with 8 storage facilities and over 600 petroleum stations across the country.
[edit]Controversy

[edit]Environmental record


The gas flare over Lukoil's Kstovo plant is a major local landmark
According to Lukoil, their numbers in 2007 recorded a drop of 7.8% in the volume of pollutant effects and a drop of 3.8% in the area of contaminated lands compared to 2006. These numbers came after an appeal from EMERCON of Russia (the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Natural Disaster Recovery), which proposed that Lukoil participate in the development of monitoring, prevention, and emergency recovery systems.[12]
In an effort to increase their productivity, Lukoil organized a contract to begin an oil pumping block in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea. They arranged an Environmental Impact Assessment of the drill site in order to organize a second exploration drill. This block, D-222, is the largest prospective structure in the north-east section of the Caspian Sea.[13] The key issue of the assessment was the amount of damage the block would be doing to the fish stock in the area. Taking into account the depth of the operation of about 700 meters, the amount of harm would be minimal with most of the fish harmed being plankton and benthos. A rescue and salvage ship will be placed into operation to mitigate the impact on the area. They have also developed contingency plans for oil spills, and implemented an environmental monitoring system.[14]
[edit]Management and major shareholders



A Lukoil gas station in Tula, Russia


A Lukoil gas station in Macedonia
Company's top managers control over half of Lukoil shares while about 20% is owned by ConocoPhillips.[3] The rest of shares is a free-float. On 24 March 2010, ConocoPhillips announced it would begin selling half of its 20% stake in the company.
Board of Directors elected at the Annual General Shareholders Meeting on 28 June 2005 consists of:[15]
Valery Grayfer (Chairman, General Director of the JSC RITEK)
Vagit Alekperov (President of the OAO Lukoil)[16]

[edit]Motorsports



Lukoil Racing Team driver Michael Antonov
Lukoil Racing Team[17] is the leading Russian motorsport organization; its operations including management, driver training and support, engineering expertise and a quality technical environment, which enables continuous development, building, testing and race preparation.
Lukoil has been involved in motorsport for over 10 years. Lukoil Racing Team has achieved notable successes both in Russia and in Europe, winning more than 60 championships over the years. No other auto racing team has gained such success in the history of the USSR and Russia. In 2003 the company set up the ”Drivers Support Program” to support the best young Russian drivers. The program is currently nurturing such talents as Mikhail Aleshin, Sergey Afanasiev and Sergey Chukanov, and now Atte Mustonen is the program's first foreign driver.
According to news dated on February 2008 Lukoil Racing Team has made a sponsorship deal with Finnish motor racing driver Atte Mustonen. Mustonen is the first non-Russian driver to have Lukoil as his personal sponsor. Mustonen is driving in British Formula 3 series during season 2008.
The company owns a RAF Formula F1600 team nicknamed Lukoil Racing Team
Mikhail Aleshin competed for this team in 2004 and 2005 Formula Renault seasons.
The company has currently placed driver Mikhail Aleshin with the Carlin Lukoil Red Bull-Renault World Series Team.
The company Lukoil Racing Team participates in Russian Touring Car Championship (RTCC) with 2004
Lukoil is sponsoring SUNRED Engineering in the World Touring Car Championship
[edit]References

Lukoil

Image via Wikipedia
Lukoil/LUKoil (RTS:LKOH / MICEX:LKOH / LSE: LKOD / FWB: LUK) Russian: Лукойл; English pronunciation: /ˈluːkɔɪl/) is Russia's second largest oil company and its second largest producer of oil.[1] In 2009, the company produced 97.615 million tons of oil; 1.972 million barrels per day.[2]
Headquartered in Moscow, Lukoil is the second largest public company (next to ExxonMobil) in terms of proven oil and gas reserves. In 2008, the company had 19.3 billion barrels of oil equivalent per SPE standards. This accounts to some 1.3% of global oil reserves. The company has operations in more than 40 countries around the world.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Exploration and production
2.1 Development of the Aral Sea
3 Lukoil oil production by region, million tonnes
4 Oil refining and petrochemical facilities
5 Proven reserves
6 Gasoline retail sales
7 Controversy
7.1 Environmental record
8 Management and major shareholders
9 Motorsports
10 References
11 External links
[edit]History



Lukoil headquarters in Moscow
Lukoil was formed in 1991, when three state-run, western Siberian companies, Langepasneftegaz, Urayneftegaz, and Kogalymneftegaz, merged. The initials of the three companies are preserved in the name Lukoil.[5] The central figure in the company's founding was the Soviet deputy minister of oil production Vagit Alekperov.[5] He came to believe the only way Russians could compete against Western companies was to copy their business model. That meant vertically integrating the three branches of the industry – exploration, refining, and distribution – that were strictly separate under the old Soviet system.[3]
In 1994, Lukoil became the first company to begin offering shares of stock on the new Russian Trading System.[5]
[edit]Exploration and production

Lukoil carries out exploration and/or production of oil and gas in Russia and (as of 2008) thirty other countries: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Colombia, Venezuela, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria and more.
In September 2004, ConocoPhillips purchased a 7.6 percent stake in Lukoil and signed an agreement that could increase this figure in the future to up to 20 percent.[6] The two oil companies have agreed to develop jointly an oil and gas field in the northern Timan-Pechora area of Russia (Komi Republic) and intend to secure the rights to develop the West Qurna Field in Iraq, one of the country's largest.[7][8]
[edit]Development of the Aral Sea
Ergash Shaismatov, the Deputy Prime Minister of Uzbekistan, announced on 30 August 2006 that the Uzbek government and an international consortium consisting of state-run Uzbekneftegaz, Lukoil Overseas, Petronas, Korea National Oil Corporation, and China National Petroleum Corporation signed a production sharing agreement to explore and develop oil and gas fields in the Aral Sea, saying, “The Aral Sea is largely unknown, but it holds a lot of promise in terms of finding oil and gas. There is risk of course but we believe in the success of this unique project." The consortium was created in September 2005.[9]
[edit]Lukoil oil production by region, million tonnes

Region 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009
Russia 82.720 86.277 89.561 91.100 91.868
Western Siberia 56.351 58.469 59.764 59.917 52.962
Urals 10.082 10.307 10.923 11.257 12.042
Volga 3.175 3.210 3.214 3.240 3.072
Timan-Pechora 11.732 12.476 13.601 14.576 21.662
Other 1.380 1.815 2.059 2.110 2.130
International 3.480 3.881 5.674 5.545 5.747
Total 86.200 90.158 95.235 96.645 97.615
Source:[10]
[edit]Oil refining and petrochemical facilities

Lukoil owns seven oil-processing companies in Eastern Europe with total capacity of 54,1 mln tpa and holds 49% share of ISAB refinery complex in Sicily:
Country Name Location Launched Acquired Capacity, mln tpa
Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez Kstovo 1958 2000 15,0
Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez Perm 1958 1991 12,0
Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka Volgograd 1957 1991 9,9
Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka Ukhta 1934 2000 3,7
Lukoil-Odessky Neftepererabatyvayuschiy zavod Odessa 1937 1999 3,6
Lukoil Neftochim Burgas License to operate revoked, see footnote Burgas 1964 1999 7,5
Petrotel-Lukoil Ploieşti 1904 1998 2,4
ISAB Priolo Gargallo 1975 2008* 16,0*
TRN Vlissingen 1973 2009* 7,9*
* – 49% and 45% shares respectively
The Bulgarian Facility has had it's license to operate revoked as of July 2011 for failure to install Excise Metering Devices that connect directly to the Nation Revenue Agency, the plant is currently in the process of stopping production as of 29 July 2011. However on 1 August 2011 the Bulgarian court returned the license and the refinery is expected to begin work.
The company also owns several petrochemical plants in Budennovsk, Saratov and Kalush, all managed by "Lukoil-Neftechim".


A Lukoil station in Vails Gate, New York
[edit]Proven reserves

As of January 2009, the company had proven reserves of 14.5 billion barrels of oil and 29.3 trillion cubic feet of gas, per PRMS (previously called SPE) requirements.[4]
[edit]Gasoline retail sales

Lukoil sells gasoline in 59 regions of Russia and in 22 other countries (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium (through its subsidiary "Jet" until late 2008, and progressively directly under the Lukoil brand), Bulgaria, Croatia (operated by Lukoil Croatia, but under the brand name "Europa-Mil"), Cyprus, Czech Republic, Slovakia (Rebranded from "Jet" to "Lukoil"), Estonia, Finland (Teboil), Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland (Rebranded from "Jet" to "Lukoil" in August 2008), Romania, Serbia, Turkey, USA and Ukraine). As of the end of 2006, it has 197 tank farms and 6,090 gas stations.[11]
In 2000, Lukoil purchased Getty Oil, and converted a small number of Getty stations in the United States to Lukoil in 2003.
In 2004, Lukoil acquired Schlotzmeyer Bros., who formerly owned the Mobil stations in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Many of these stations had Circle K stores, which Lukoil converted to its own Kwik Farms brand. However, many Mobil franchisees in the area did not want to convert their stations to Lukoil because it sold its fuel at the same prices as more established brands.
In 2008, Lukoil purchased petroleum distribution company Akpet in Turkey. As a result of this acquisition, Lukoil market share in Turkish retail market increased to 5% with 8 storage facilities and over 600 petroleum stations across the country.
[edit]Controversy

[edit]Environmental record


The gas flare over Lukoil's Kstovo plant is a major local landmark
According to Lukoil, their numbers in 2007 recorded a drop of 7.8% in the volume of pollutant effects and a drop of 3.8% in the area of contaminated lands compared to 2006. These numbers came after an appeal from EMERCON of Russia (the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Natural Disaster Recovery), which proposed that Lukoil participate in the development of monitoring, prevention, and emergency recovery systems.[12]
In an effort to increase their productivity, Lukoil organized a contract to begin an oil pumping block in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea. They arranged an Environmental Impact Assessment of the drill site in order to organize a second exploration drill. This block, D-222, is the largest prospective structure in the north-east section of the Caspian Sea.[13] The key issue of the assessment was the amount of damage the block would be doing to the fish stock in the area. Taking into account the depth of the operation of about 700 meters, the amount of harm would be minimal with most of the fish harmed being plankton and benthos. A rescue and salvage ship will be placed into operation to mitigate the impact on the area. They have also developed contingency plans for oil spills, and implemented an environmental monitoring system.[14]
[edit]Management and major shareholders



A Lukoil gas station in Tula, Russia


A Lukoil gas station in Macedonia
Company's top managers control over half of Lukoil shares while about 20% is owned by ConocoPhillips.[3] The rest of shares is a free-float. On 24 March 2010, ConocoPhillips announced it would begin selling half of its 20% stake in the company.
Board of Directors elected at the Annual General Shareholders Meeting on 28 June 2005 consists of:[15]
Valery Grayfer (Chairman, General Director of the JSC RITEK)
Vagit Alekperov (President of the OAO Lukoil)[16]

[edit]Motorsports



Lukoil Racing Team driver Michael Antonov
Lukoil Racing Team[17] is the leading Russian motorsport organization; its operations including management, driver training and support, engineering expertise and a quality technical environment, which enables continuous development, building, testing and race preparation.
Lukoil has been involved in motorsport for over 10 years. Lukoil Racing Team has achieved notable successes both in Russia and in Europe, winning more than 60 championships over the years. No other auto racing team has gained such success in the history of the USSR and Russia. In 2003 the company set up the ”Drivers Support Program” to support the best young Russian drivers. The program is currently nurturing such talents as Mikhail Aleshin, Sergey Afanasiev and Sergey Chukanov, and now Atte Mustonen is the program's first foreign driver.
According to news dated on February 2008 Lukoil Racing Team has made a sponsorship deal with Finnish motor racing driver Atte Mustonen. Mustonen is the first non-Russian driver to have Lukoil as his personal sponsor. Mustonen is driving in British Formula 3 series during season 2008.
The company owns a RAF Formula F1600 team nicknamed Lukoil Racing Team
Mikhail Aleshin competed for this team in 2004 and 2005 Formula Renault seasons.
The company has currently placed driver Mikhail Aleshin with the Carlin Lukoil Red Bull-Renault World Series Team.
The company Lukoil Racing Team participates in Russian Touring Car Championship (RTCC) with 2004
Lukoil is sponsoring SUNRED Engineering in the World Touring Car Championship
[edit]References

PetroChina

Image via Wikipedia
PetroChina Company Limited (Chinese: 中国石油天然气股份有限公司, Chinese: 中國石油天然氣股份有限公司) (SEHK: 0857, SSE: 601857, NYSE: PTR) is a Chinese oil company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing.[3] It is China's biggest oil producer,[4] and was the world's most valuable company by market value as of September 28th 2010.[5] Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007,[4] and following its debut on the Shanghai index, its market value tripled, making PetroChina the first company to reach a trillion dollar market capitalization.[6][7]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Environmental record
2.1 Chemical spill
2.2 The "Western Gas to the East" Pipeline Project
2.3 Demonstration at new plant
3 Recognition
4 Corporate bonds
5 References
6 External links
[edit]History



The landmark of Dongzhimen -- the headquarters of PetroChina in Beijing.
PetroChina was established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities under the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (the PRC) on November 5, 1999, as part of the restructuring of CNPC. In the restructuring, CNPC injected into PetroChina most of the assets and liabilities of CNPC relating to its exploration and production, refining and marketing, chemicals and natural gas businesses. The corporate logos of PetroChina and its parent company CNPC are similar in design with the Shell Oil Company.
Although PetroChina is the most profitable company in Asia, this success may be the result of corporate management, but can also be attributed to the near duopoly on the wholesale and retail business of oil products it shares with Sinopec in China.
Because of Sinopec's link to Sudan through parent company China Petrochemical Corporation, several institutional investors such as Harvard and Yale decided, in 2005, to divest from Sinopec. Sudan divestment efforts have continued to be concentrated on PetroChina since then.[8] Fidelity Investments, after pressure from activist groups, also announced in a filing in the US that it had sold 91 per cent of its American Depositary Receipts in PetroChina in the first quarter of 2007.[9]
At the beginning of May 2007, the company announced it had made China's largest oil find in a decade off the country's northeast coast, in an oilfield named Jidong Nanpu in Bohai Bay.[10] In May 2008 these expectations were lowered.[11]
On November 7, 2007, Hang Seng Index Services Company announced that PetroChina would be a Hang Seng Index Constituent Stock, effective December 10, 2007.[12] PetroChina has also come under scrutiny from international organizations for its part in trading with the Sudanese government who continues the ongoing war in Darfur.
On August 19, 2009, PetroChina signed an AU$50 billion deal with ExxonMobil to purchase liquefied natural gas from the Gorgon field in Western Australia,[13][14] considered the largest contract ever signed between China and Australia, which ensures China a steady supply of LNG fuel for 20 years, and also forms as China's largest supply of relatively "clean energy".[15][16] This deal has been formally secured, despite relations between Australia and China being at their lowest point in years, following the Rio Tinto espionage case and the granting of visas to Rebiya Kadeer to visit Australia.[17]
PetroChina's Dushanzi District refinery became fully operational on September 24, 2009. The refinery is China's largest refinery with annual capacity of 10 million tons of oil and 1 million tons of ethylene. The refinery is an integral part of China's ambitions to import oil from Kazakhstan.[18]
February 2011: PetroChina has agreed to pay $5.4 billion for a gas field stake owned by Encana. It is the China's biggest investments in shale gas which is difficult-to-extract.[19]
[edit]Environmental record

Although PetroChina is promoting safety, environmental protection and people-orientation as its slogan and is determined to encourage efficiency in utilization of resource as well as effective operation of the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management system as a method to reduce emission of pollutants.[20]
[edit]Chemical spill
Petrochina had a chemical spill in November, 2005. One of its chemical plants exploded in Jilin, China, resulting in 100 tons of benzene, which is a carcinogen and toxic, pouring into the Songhua River. There was a slick of chemicals that spanned 80 kilometres.[21] Harbin, which is another city along the Songhua River, had to cut the water supply from almost 4 million people, for 5 days. More than 60 people were injured, five died, and one person was missing due to the incident.[22] The spill prompted China’s environmental agency to fine the company one million yuan (approximately $125,000, £64,000) for its pollution, which was the maximum fine that can be handed out in China for breaking an environmental law.[23] However, this disaster sparked controversy about this law. People claimed the law was too soft.[24] The spill even crept into Kharbosvk, Russia, where residents stocked up on bottled water. The city tried filtering its water of toxic substances, but officials were still unsure if the water was 100% safe for drinking.[25] The Chinese government said it will take more than one billion dollars to clean up the aftermath.[21] Li Zhaoxing, Chinese Foreign Minister at the time, issued a public apology to Russia due to the incident.[26]
[edit]The "Western Gas to the East" Pipeline Project


A PetroChina gas station in Xinjiang
Main article: West–East Gas Pipeline
Another major controversial issue is PetroChina’s development in gas reserves in Tarim Basins, Xinjiang. It is now constructing a pipeline across Tibet to Gansu province in China, eventually lead to Shanghai. It is argued that such a project might pose a threat to the environment, as the construction of the pipeline might affect the wildlife in the regions where it runs through. Also, the exiled Tibetan government argued that such project is part of China’s strategy to consolidate political control of the Western Regions in China, including Tibet. However, no known environmental or social impact assessments have been conducted, as the environmental record of Tarim Basins is very poor.[27]
[edit]Demonstration at new plant
Approved in 2007, a $5.5 billion petrochemical plant, expected to produce 800,000 tons of ethylene and refine 10 million tons of crude oil a year, is now under construction by PetroChina in Chengdu, provincial capital of Sichuan in Southwestern China. Ethylene is widely used in the production of goods such as packaging and trash liners. Although the project claimed that $565 million of the total investment would be dedicated to environmental protection, residents of Chengdu who believe it might bring pollution to the local area took to the streets on May 3 and 4, 2008, to protest against the project. The whole demonstration was peaceful, and presence of Chinese government intervention was scarce.[28]

PetroChina

Image via Wikipedia
PetroChina Company Limited (Chinese: 中国石油天然气股份有限公司, Chinese: 中國石油天然氣股份有限公司) (SEHK: 0857, SSE: 601857, NYSE: PTR) is a Chinese oil company and is the listed arm of state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), headquartered in Dongcheng District, Beijing.[3] It is China's biggest oil producer,[4] and was the world's most valuable company by market value as of September 28th 2010.[5] Traded in Hong Kong and New York, the mainland enterprise announced its plans to issue stock in Shanghai in November 2007,[4] and following its debut on the Shanghai index, its market value tripled, making PetroChina the first company to reach a trillion dollar market capitalization.[6][7]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Environmental record
2.1 Chemical spill
2.2 The "Western Gas to the East" Pipeline Project
2.3 Demonstration at new plant
3 Recognition
4 Corporate bonds
5 References
6 External links
[edit]History



The landmark of Dongzhimen -- the headquarters of PetroChina in Beijing.
PetroChina was established as a joint stock company with limited liabilities under the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (the PRC) on November 5, 1999, as part of the restructuring of CNPC. In the restructuring, CNPC injected into PetroChina most of the assets and liabilities of CNPC relating to its exploration and production, refining and marketing, chemicals and natural gas businesses. The corporate logos of PetroChina and its parent company CNPC are similar in design with the Shell Oil Company.
Although PetroChina is the most profitable company in Asia, this success may be the result of corporate management, but can also be attributed to the near duopoly on the wholesale and retail business of oil products it shares with Sinopec in China.
Because of Sinopec's link to Sudan through parent company China Petrochemical Corporation, several institutional investors such as Harvard and Yale decided, in 2005, to divest from Sinopec. Sudan divestment efforts have continued to be concentrated on PetroChina since then.[8] Fidelity Investments, after pressure from activist groups, also announced in a filing in the US that it had sold 91 per cent of its American Depositary Receipts in PetroChina in the first quarter of 2007.[9]
At the beginning of May 2007, the company announced it had made China's largest oil find in a decade off the country's northeast coast, in an oilfield named Jidong Nanpu in Bohai Bay.[10] In May 2008 these expectations were lowered.[11]
On November 7, 2007, Hang Seng Index Services Company announced that PetroChina would be a Hang Seng Index Constituent Stock, effective December 10, 2007.[12] PetroChina has also come under scrutiny from international organizations for its part in trading with the Sudanese government who continues the ongoing war in Darfur.
On August 19, 2009, PetroChina signed an AU$50 billion deal with ExxonMobil to purchase liquefied natural gas from the Gorgon field in Western Australia,[13][14] considered the largest contract ever signed between China and Australia, which ensures China a steady supply of LNG fuel for 20 years, and also forms as China's largest supply of relatively "clean energy".[15][16] This deal has been formally secured, despite relations between Australia and China being at their lowest point in years, following the Rio Tinto espionage case and the granting of visas to Rebiya Kadeer to visit Australia.[17]
PetroChina's Dushanzi District refinery became fully operational on September 24, 2009. The refinery is China's largest refinery with annual capacity of 10 million tons of oil and 1 million tons of ethylene. The refinery is an integral part of China's ambitions to import oil from Kazakhstan.[18]
February 2011: PetroChina has agreed to pay $5.4 billion for a gas field stake owned by Encana. It is the China's biggest investments in shale gas which is difficult-to-extract.[19]
[edit]Environmental record

Although PetroChina is promoting safety, environmental protection and people-orientation as its slogan and is determined to encourage efficiency in utilization of resource as well as effective operation of the Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management system as a method to reduce emission of pollutants.[20]
[edit]Chemical spill
Petrochina had a chemical spill in November, 2005. One of its chemical plants exploded in Jilin, China, resulting in 100 tons of benzene, which is a carcinogen and toxic, pouring into the Songhua River. There was a slick of chemicals that spanned 80 kilometres.[21] Harbin, which is another city along the Songhua River, had to cut the water supply from almost 4 million people, for 5 days. More than 60 people were injured, five died, and one person was missing due to the incident.[22] The spill prompted China’s environmental agency to fine the company one million yuan (approximately $125,000, £64,000) for its pollution, which was the maximum fine that can be handed out in China for breaking an environmental law.[23] However, this disaster sparked controversy about this law. People claimed the law was too soft.[24] The spill even crept into Kharbosvk, Russia, where residents stocked up on bottled water. The city tried filtering its water of toxic substances, but officials were still unsure if the water was 100% safe for drinking.[25] The Chinese government said it will take more than one billion dollars to clean up the aftermath.[21] Li Zhaoxing, Chinese Foreign Minister at the time, issued a public apology to Russia due to the incident.[26]
[edit]The "Western Gas to the East" Pipeline Project


A PetroChina gas station in Xinjiang
Main article: West–East Gas Pipeline
Another major controversial issue is PetroChina’s development in gas reserves in Tarim Basins, Xinjiang. It is now constructing a pipeline across Tibet to Gansu province in China, eventually lead to Shanghai. It is argued that such a project might pose a threat to the environment, as the construction of the pipeline might affect the wildlife in the regions where it runs through. Also, the exiled Tibetan government argued that such project is part of China’s strategy to consolidate political control of the Western Regions in China, including Tibet. However, no known environmental or social impact assessments have been conducted, as the environmental record of Tarim Basins is very poor.[27]
[edit]Demonstration at new plant
Approved in 2007, a $5.5 billion petrochemical plant, expected to produce 800,000 tons of ethylene and refine 10 million tons of crude oil a year, is now under construction by PetroChina in Chengdu, provincial capital of Sichuan in Southwestern China. Ethylene is widely used in the production of goods such as packaging and trash liners. Although the project claimed that $565 million of the total investment would be dedicated to environmental protection, residents of Chengdu who believe it might bring pollution to the local area took to the streets on May 3 and 4, 2008, to protest against the project. The whole demonstration was peaceful, and presence of Chinese government intervention was scarce.[28]

Sinopec

Image via Wikipedia

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Limited (中国石油化工股份有限公司), or Sinopec Limited (simplified Chinese: 中国石化; traditional Chinese: 中國石化; pinyin: Zhōngguó Shíhuà), is a majority owned subsidiary of state owned company Sinopec Group. Sinopec Limited is listed in Hong Kong (HKEX: 0386) and also trades in Shanghai (SSE: 600028) and New York (NYSE: SNP).

Sinopec Limited's parent, Sinopec Group, is one of the major petroleum companies in China, headquartered in Chaoyang District, Beijing.[3] Sinopec's business includes oil and gas exploration, refining, and marketing; production and sales of petrochemicals, chemical fibers, chemical fertilizers, and other chemical products; storage and pipeline transportation of crude oil and natural gas; import, export and import/export agency business of crude oil, natural gas, refined oil products, petrochemicals, and other chemicals. In 2011 it ranked as the 5th largest company in sales in Forbes Global 2000.[4][5]In 2009, it was ranked 9th by Fortune Global 500 becoming the first Chinese corporation to make the top ten and in 2010 it was ranked 7th.[6] In 2007, it ranked first in the Top 500 Enterprises of China ranking.[7]

Contents [hide]

1 Corporate history

2 Recent history outside China

3 Environmental record

4 References

5 External links

[edit]Corporate history

Sinopec Limited was established as a joint stock entity under the China Petrochemical Corporation Group (Sinopec Group) in February 2000. The company was simultaneously listed in Hong Kong, New York, and London in October 2000. A Shanghai listing was completed in June 2001.

Given its legacy asset base from Sinopec Group, analysts have categorized it as a more upstream oil player than PetroChina.[8] Sinopec is the largest oil refiner in Asia by annual volume processed. Sinopec produces around 1/4 as much raw crude oil as PetroChina, but produces 60% more refined products per annum.

In December 2006, Sinopec acquired the assets of Shengli Petroleum, whose main asset was a maturing domestic oil field, in order to stabilize its crude inputs and raise the utilization rate of its existing refineries.

[edit]Recent history outside China

Sinopec signed an evaluation deal with Gabon in 2004. During his African visit that year Chinese President Hu Jintao signed a series of bilateral trade accords with his Gabonese counterpart Omar Bongo, including a "memorandum of agreement aimed at showing the parties' desire to develop exploration, exploitation, refining and export activities of oil products". Three onshore fields were to be explored. One of the three blocks, LT2000, is some 200 kilometers (120 miles) southeast of Gabon's economic hub, Port Gentil, which lies south of the capital, Libreville, on the Atlantic coast. The other two - DR200 and GT2000 - are around 100 kilometres (60 miles) northeast of Port Gentil, according to the Gabonese oil ministry.[9]

Sinopec's filling stations are a frequent sight on China's roads and rivers

Sinopec Corporation is a partner in Petrodar Operating Company Ltd., a consortium whose partners also include China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC, the 90 per cent owner of PetroChina) and Sudapet (the Sudanese state-owned oil company), among others. In August, 2005, Petrodar commenced production of oil in blocks 3 and 7 in South-east Sudan. In December, 2005, Petrodar announced that its first shipment of crude oil would be shipped from Sudan in January, 2006. Petrodar's operations represent a major increase in overall Sudanese oil production. In West Africa, Sinopec is also looking at acquiring other petroleum companies. Sinopec completed a takeover of Calgary-based Addax Petroleum for $7.5 billion marking China's biggest foreign takeover. Sinopec is also looking into other companies such as ERHC Energy which has multiple oil block assets in the Joint Development Zone.[10]

In November 2005, Sinopec Group announced plans to partner with CNPC to purchase an oil field in Sudan, and has reportedly indicated an interest in expanding its business in Sudan.[11]

In 2007, in eastern Ethiopia’s Ogaden Desert, a raid by an ethnic Somali rebel group on a Sinopec drilling site left 74 dead including 9 Chinese oil workers, and 7 kidnapped on 24 April 2007. The rebels, the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), later released the seven abductees and warned foreign companies against working in the area. Sinopec said it had no plans to pull out of the resource-rich region despite the attack. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Liu Jianchao says that China strongly condemns the violent attack carried out by Somalian insurgents on the premises of the oil company Sinopec in Ethiopia.[12]

In February 2007, Saudi Aramco and Exxon signed a deal with Sinopec to revamp the Fujian oil refinery and triple its capacity to 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m3/d) by 2009. Aramco, Exxon and Sinopec also signed contracts for a fuel marketing venture that will manage 750 service stations and a network of terminals in Fujian province.[13] Unipec, a subsidiary of Sinopec, signed a contract with French oil company Total Gabon in February 2002. Under the contract China, for the first time, bought Gabonese crude oil.[14] In the African nation of Gabon, Sinopec's joint ventures in oil exploration have been accused of violating environmental conventions by the government of Gabon. Its activities in Gabon's national parks were suspended in September, 2006, by the Gabonese national parks council.[15]

On April 13, 2010 Company announced acquisition of Conoco Phillips's 9% stake in the Canadian oil sand firms, Syncrude, for £3bn. The deal was granted regulatory approval from the Canadian government on June 25, 2010.[16]

[edit]Environmental record

In 2004, Sinopec prospected for oil in the 1,550 square kilometers of Loango National Park in southern Gabon and encountered criticism for what domestic and foreign environmental critics said were poor and damaging methods.[17] Primatology professor Christophe Boesch of the US-based environmental organization, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), criticized the use of dynamite and heavy machinery in exploration and road construction by Sinopec through park, noting that it might drive native Gorillas deeper into the jungle, where they would be outside legal restrictions on hunting.[18] Gabonese law states that industries can extract oil from national parks, but must rehabilitate them to the prior condition. Boesch, and other international experts, have suggested that Sinopec use other methods such as horizontal drilling to minimize its environmental footprint.[15] Sinopec's activities in Gabon's national parks were suspended in September, 2006, by the Gabonese national parks council.[15] In 2007, Sinopec redid its earlier environmental study, this time in conjunction with the Gabonese environmentalist group Enviropass and the World Wildlife Foundation, winning high marks from Gabonese, Western, and Chinese conservation experts. Shortly thereafter, Sinopec resumed production with more environmentally friendly methods.[19]

China's top environmental watchdog warned Sinopec in 2007 to stop operations at one of its oil fields due to chronic river pollution. Zhongyuan Oilfields Petrochemical Company, a unit of Sinopec, had failed to meet waste water treatment requirements and had been ordered to pay a pollution fine and operations had to be halted, according to the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA).[20]

Guangdong Provincial Environment Bureau (GPEB had also issued a red sign warning to 19 companies, including Sinopec Guangzhou, in February 2008. By GPEB’s standard, the companies that have involved in excessive emissions or caused serious environmental pollution accidents will be given the red sign warning and will be placed under strict supervision.[21]

On Wednesday, July 28, 2010, an explosion at an abandoned Sinopec plastics and chemicals factory in the Qixia District of Nanjing, China killed at least 12 people and seriously injured 15 more.

Sinopec

Image via Wikipedia

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Limited (中国石油化工股份有限公司), or Sinopec Limited (simplified Chinese: 中国石化; traditional Chinese: 中國石化; pinyin: Zhōngguó Shíhuà), is a majority owned subsidiary of state owned company Sinopec Group. Sinopec Limited is listed in Hong Kong (HKEX: 0386) and also trades in Shanghai (SSE: 600028) and New York (NYSE: SNP).

Sinopec Limited's parent, Sinopec Group, is one of the major petroleum companies in China, headquartered in Chaoyang District, Beijing.[3] Sinopec's business includes oil and gas exploration, refining, and marketing; production and sales of petrochemicals, chemical fibers, chemical fertilizers, and other chemical products; storage and pipeline transportation of crude oil and natural gas; import, export and import/export agency business of crude oil, natural gas, refined oil products, petrochemicals, and other chemicals. In 2011 it ranked as the 5th largest company in sales in Forbes Global 2000.[4][5]In 2009, it was ranked 9th by Fortune Global 500 becoming the first Chinese corporation to make the top ten and in 2010 it was ranked 7th.[6] In 2007, it ranked first in the Top 500 Enterprises of China ranking.[7]

Contents [hide]

1 Corporate history

2 Recent history outside China

3 Environmental record

4 References

5 External links

[edit]Corporate history

Sinopec Limited was established as a joint stock entity under the China Petrochemical Corporation Group (Sinopec Group) in February 2000. The company was simultaneously listed in Hong Kong, New York, and London in October 2000. A Shanghai listing was completed in June 2001.

Given its legacy asset base from Sinopec Group, analysts have categorized it as a more upstream oil player than PetroChina.[8] Sinopec is the largest oil refiner in Asia by annual volume processed. Sinopec produces around 1/4 as much raw crude oil as PetroChina, but produces 60% more refined products per annum.

In December 2006, Sinopec acquired the assets of Shengli Petroleum, whose main asset was a maturing domestic oil field, in order to stabilize its crude inputs and raise the utilization rate of its existing refineries.

[edit]Recent history outside China

Sinopec signed an evaluation deal with Gabon in 2004. During his African visit that year Chinese President Hu Jintao signed a series of bilateral trade accords with his Gabonese counterpart Omar Bongo, including a "memorandum of agreement aimed at showing the parties' desire to develop exploration, exploitation, refining and export activities of oil products". Three onshore fields were to be explored. One of the three blocks, LT2000, is some 200 kilometers (120 miles) southeast of Gabon's economic hub, Port Gentil, which lies south of the capital, Libreville, on the Atlantic coast. The other two - DR200 and GT2000 - are around 100 kilometres (60 miles) northeast of Port Gentil, according to the Gabonese oil ministry.[9]

Sinopec's filling stations are a frequent sight on China's roads and rivers

Sinopec Corporation is a partner in Petrodar Operating Company Ltd., a consortium whose partners also include China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC, the 90 per cent owner of PetroChina) and Sudapet (the Sudanese state-owned oil company), among others. In August, 2005, Petrodar commenced production of oil in blocks 3 and 7 in South-east Sudan. In December, 2005, Petrodar announced that its first shipment of crude oil would be shipped from Sudan in January, 2006. Petrodar's operations represent a major increase in overall Sudanese oil production. In West Africa, Sinopec is also looking at acquiring other petroleum companies. Sinopec completed a takeover of Calgary-based Addax Petroleum for $7.5 billion marking China's biggest foreign takeover. Sinopec is also looking into other companies such as ERHC Energy which has multiple oil block assets in the Joint Development Zone.[10]

In November 2005, Sinopec Group announced plans to partner with CNPC to purchase an oil field in Sudan, and has reportedly indicated an interest in expanding its business in Sudan.[11]

In 2007, in eastern Ethiopia’s Ogaden Desert, a raid by an ethnic Somali rebel group on a Sinopec drilling site left 74 dead including 9 Chinese oil workers, and 7 kidnapped on 24 April 2007. The rebels, the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF), later released the seven abductees and warned foreign companies against working in the area. Sinopec said it had no plans to pull out of the resource-rich region despite the attack. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Liu Jianchao says that China strongly condemns the violent attack carried out by Somalian insurgents on the premises of the oil company Sinopec in Ethiopia.[12]

In February 2007, Saudi Aramco and Exxon signed a deal with Sinopec to revamp the Fujian oil refinery and triple its capacity to 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m3/d) by 2009. Aramco, Exxon and Sinopec also signed contracts for a fuel marketing venture that will manage 750 service stations and a network of terminals in Fujian province.[13] Unipec, a subsidiary of Sinopec, signed a contract with French oil company Total Gabon in February 2002. Under the contract China, for the first time, bought Gabonese crude oil.[14] In the African nation of Gabon, Sinopec's joint ventures in oil exploration have been accused of violating environmental conventions by the government of Gabon. Its activities in Gabon's national parks were suspended in September, 2006, by the Gabonese national parks council.[15]

On April 13, 2010 Company announced acquisition of Conoco Phillips's 9% stake in the Canadian oil sand firms, Syncrude, for £3bn. The deal was granted regulatory approval from the Canadian government on June 25, 2010.[16]

[edit]Environmental record

In 2004, Sinopec prospected for oil in the 1,550 square kilometers of Loango National Park in southern Gabon and encountered criticism for what domestic and foreign environmental critics said were poor and damaging methods.[17] Primatology professor Christophe Boesch of the US-based environmental organization, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), criticized the use of dynamite and heavy machinery in exploration and road construction by Sinopec through park, noting that it might drive native Gorillas deeper into the jungle, where they would be outside legal restrictions on hunting.[18] Gabonese law states that industries can extract oil from national parks, but must rehabilitate them to the prior condition. Boesch, and other international experts, have suggested that Sinopec use other methods such as horizontal drilling to minimize its environmental footprint.[15] Sinopec's activities in Gabon's national parks were suspended in September, 2006, by the Gabonese national parks council.[15] In 2007, Sinopec redid its earlier environmental study, this time in conjunction with the Gabonese environmentalist group Enviropass and the World Wildlife Foundation, winning high marks from Gabonese, Western, and Chinese conservation experts. Shortly thereafter, Sinopec resumed production with more environmentally friendly methods.[19]

China's top environmental watchdog warned Sinopec in 2007 to stop operations at one of its oil fields due to chronic river pollution. Zhongyuan Oilfields Petrochemical Company, a unit of Sinopec, had failed to meet waste water treatment requirements and had been ordered to pay a pollution fine and operations had to be halted, according to the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA).[20]

Guangdong Provincial Environment Bureau (GPEB had also issued a red sign warning to 19 companies, including Sinopec Guangzhou, in February 2008. By GPEB’s standard, the companies that have involved in excessive emissions or caused serious environmental pollution accidents will be given the red sign warning and will be placed under strict supervision.[21]

On Wednesday, July 28, 2010, an explosion at an abandoned Sinopec plastics and chemicals factory in the Qixia District of Nanjing, China killed at least 12 people and seriously injured 15 more.